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Kategori : EDUCATION PRAGMATISM AND EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
One of the most of import schools of philosophy of instruction is pragmatism. Pragmatism stands betwixt idealism in addition to materialism a kind of compromise. Its beginning tin last traced from the Sophists philosophers of ancient Hellenic Republic who held that human is the stair out of all things.
The term pragmatism derives its beginning from a Greek word important to do, to make, to accomplish. So the utilization of words likes ‘action’ or ‘practice’ or ‘activity’. Action gets priority over thought. Experience is at the centre of the universe. Everyone is tested on the touch-stone of experience. Beliefs in addition to ideas are truthful if they are workable in addition to profitable otherwise false. Will Durant sums upward pragmatism every bit the doctrine that truth is the practical efficiency of an idea. It follows in that location from that pragmatism is non a philosophy but a method–the method of experimentation. As a dry reason for schoolhouse exercise pragmatism opposes pre-determined in addition to pre-ordained objectives in addition to curriculums. The past times of the pragmatist is dead.
Values are instrumental only. There are no in conclusion or fixed values. They are evolved in addition to are non truthful for all times in addition to for all situations. According to an undeviating measure of worth, pragmatism tends to last individualistic, selfish; has no values; has no ethics in addition to is thus superficial.
1. HUMANISTIC PRAGMATISM-
This type of pragmatism is especially works life inwards social sciences. According to it the satisfaction of human nature is the criterion of utility. In philosophy, inwards religious belief in addition to fifty-fifty inwards scientific discipline human is the aim of all thinking in addition to everything else is a agency to attain human satisfaction.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PRAGMATISM-
Modern scientific discipline is based upon experimental method. The fact that tin last ascertained past times experiment is true. No truth is final, truth is known solely to the extent it is useful inwards practice. The pragmatists utilization this criterion of truth inwards every plain of life. The human problems tin last solved solely through experiment.
3. NOMINALISTIC PRAGMATISM-
When nosotros brand whatsoever experiment nosotros attend to the result. Our aim is exam of the material. Some hypothesis almost the results invariably precedes every experiment. According to nominalistic pragmatism, the results of an experiment are ever item in addition to concrete, never full general in addition to abstract.
4. BIOLOGICAL PRAGMATISM-
Experimentalism of John Dewey is based upon this biological pragmatism according to which the ultimate aim of all cognition is harmony of the human amongst the environment. Education develops social science which facilitates one’s life. The schoolhouse is a miniature monastic tell which prepares the kid for hereafter life.
PRINCIPLES OF PRAGMATISM
1. PLURALISM-
Philosophically, the pragmatists are pluralists. According to them in that location are every bit many words every bit human beings. The ultimate reality is non 1 but many. Everyone searches truth in addition to aim of life according to his experiences.
2. EMPHASIS ON CHANGE-
The pragmatists emphasize change. The dry reason is a process, a constant flux. Truth is ever inwards the making. The dry reason is ever progressing in addition to evolving. Therefore, everything hither is changing.
3. UTILITARIANISM-
Pragmatists are utility is the evidence of all truth in addition to reality. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 useful regulation is true. Utility agency fulfillment of human purposes. The results determine the skillful in addition to evil of anything, idea, beliefs in addition to acts. Utility agency satisfaction of human needs.
4. CHANGING AIM AND VALUES-
The aim in addition to values of life alter inwards dissimilar times in addition to climes. The sometime aims in addition to values, therefore, cannot last accepted every bit they are. Human life in addition to the dry reason is a laboratory inwards which the aims in addition to values are developed.
5. INDIVIDUALISM-
Pragmatists are individualists. They pose maximum premium upon liberty inwards human life. Liberty goes amongst equality in addition to fraternity. Everyone should adjust to his environment.
6. EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL ASPECTS-
Since human is a social creature therefore, he develops inwards social circumstances. His success is success inwards society. The aim of instruction is to brand him successful past times developing his social personality.
7. EXPERIMENTALISM-
Pragmatists are experimentalists. They plough over to a greater extent than importance to activeness than ideas. Activity is the agency to attain the terminate of knowledge. Therefore, 1 should acquire past times doing constant experimentation which is required inwards every plain of life.
PRAGMATISM AND EDUCATIVE PROCESS
Activity lies at the centre of all educative process. The dry reason of all teaching is the activity of the child, says Foster. Every continuous- sense or activity is educative in addition to all education, is fact, resides inwards having such experience. But continuous increment inwards sense is non the whole education. Education is something more. It is a constant reorganizing or reconstructing of experience. Pragmatism approaches the problems of instruction from the ‘progressivits’ thought indicate “progress implies change. Change farther implies novelty”, so instruction cannot last conceived of every bit acquired in 1 lawsuit for all. Problem solving is at the marrow of all education. The educative procedure thus becomes empirical, experimental, in addition to piecemeal: inwards a word pragmatic.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
1. EDUCATION AS LIFE-
Pragmatists firmly believe that sometime in addition to traditional instruction is dead in addition to lifeless. Education is a continuous re-organizing, reconstructing in addition to integrating the sense in addition to activities of race. They desire to conserve the worthwhile civilisation of the past, cry back out the solutions to run into the novel situations in addition to and then integrate the two. Real cognition tin last gained solely last activity, experiments in addition to existent life experiences.
2. EDUCATION AS GROWTH-
Thus instruction volition last useful if it brings almost the increment in addition to evolution of the private every bit good every bit the monastic tell inwards which he lives. Education is meant for the kid in addition to kid is non meant for instruction in addition to kid is non empty bottle to last filled upward past times exterior knowledge. Each kid is born amongst inherent capacities, tendencies in addition to aptitudes which are drawn out in addition to developed past times education. One of the aims of instruction is to develop all the inherent capacities of the kid to the fullest extent.
3. EDUCATION AS Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SOCIAL PROCESS-
To pragmatism, human is a social being. He gains to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than cognition through personal experiences than he gets from books. According to pragmatism, the instruction of the kid should last through the medium of monastic tell so that develops inwards him socially desirable qualities which promote his welfare in addition to happiness. John Dewey rightly speaks out – Education is the social continuity of life.
4. EDUCATION Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 CONTINUOUS RESTRUCTURING OF EXPERIENCE-
Education is a procedure of development. Knowledge is gained past times experiences in addition to experiments, conducted past times the learner himself. One exercise leads to closed to other in addition to so on in addition to the expanse of cognition is widened past times the child. The procedure of reconstruction of sense goes on in addition to leads to adjustment in addition to evolution of personality. For pragmatists educational procedure has no terminate beyond itself. In add-on to the private it is continuous reorganizing restructuring in addition to integrating the sense in addition to activities of the race.
5. EDUCATION THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATE-
Education is the nascency correct of each private in addition to may non last inside the correct of the individual, so the nation should shoulder the responsibility. The refusal of the nation to do so may non atomic number 82 the nation to suffering. It is for the nation to brand the kid capable in addition to confident to run into the problems in addition to challenges of life successfully.
AIMS AND PRAGMATISM
Pragmatists do non believe inwards whatsoever pre-conceived aims of education. Aims cannot last conceived of every bit final, fixed in addition to immutable. Aims arise out of the ongoing sense in addition to should prevarication wholly inside the child’s experience. Living every bit nosotros do, inwards a changing dry reason amongst an uncertain in addition to shifting future, human sense is prone to change. And so the ask to reshape our aims to run into the needs of such a dynamic environs every bit ours has buy the farm where the project design of every machine agency a novel social revolution. So it has been said that instruction has no aims. “Continuing instruction “, says a UNESCO booklet, “has buy the farm a necessity inwards almost every plain of life from housekeeping to atomics”. Education is a lifelong procedure in addition to non every bit something to dependent the recalcitrant mortal inwards to conformity amongst the pre-existing truth. The pupil should last able to, every bit they say, ’thing through’ the problems. Education for Dewey is a procedure of private increment in addition to development. But “growth itself“, says Brubacher “has no terminate beyond farther growth”. In other words, he goes on to tell “education is its ain end”. Education agency to a greater extent than education.
PRAGMATISM AND CURRICULUM
In the plain of curriculum development, the next principles receive got been prescribed past times pragmatists.
1. PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY-
According to this principle, solely those subjects, activities in addition to experiences should last included inwards the curriculum which are useful to the acquaint needs of the kid in addition to likewise run into the hereafter expectations of adult life every bit well. As such Language, physical well-being, physical training, Geography, History, Science, Agriculture in addition to Home scientific discipline for girls should last included inwards the curriculum.
2. PRINCIPLE OF INTEREST-
According to this principle, solely those activities in addition to experiences where inwards the kid takes involvement should last included inwards the curriculum. According to John Dewey these interests are of 4 varieties namely- (1) involvement inwards conversation, (2) involvement inwards investigation, (3) involvement inwards structure in addition to (4) involvement inwards creative expression. Keeping these varieties of interests inwards view, at the primary stage, the curriculum should included Reading, Writing, Counting, Art, Craft-work, Natural scientific discipline in addition to other practical operate of uncomplicated nature.
3. PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIENCE-
The tertiary regulation of pragmatic curriculum is the child’s activity, vocation in addition to experience. All these 3 should last closely integrated. The curriculum should consist of such varieties of learning experiences which promote master thinking in addition to liberty to develop social in addition to purposeful attitudes.
4. PRINCIPLE OF INTEGRATION-
Pragmatic curriculum deals amongst the integration of subjects in addition to activities. According to pragmatism cognition is 1 unit. Pragmatists desire to create flexible, dynamic in addition to integrated curriculum which aids the developing kid in addition to the changing monastic tell to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than every bit the needs, demands in addition to province of affairs require.
PRAGMATISM AND METHODS OF TEACHING
The whole emphasis of method of teaching inwards pragmatism is on child, non the book, or the instructor or the subject. The dominant involvement of the kid is “to do in addition to to make”. The method should last flexible in addition to dynamic. It must last adaptable in addition to modifiable to suit the nature of the dependent affair in addition to potentiality of the students. The pragmatist’s curriculum provides for creative in addition to purposeful activities inwards the teaching- learning process. Pragmatists regard schoolhouse is a’ miniature of society’ where kid gets existent experiences to deed in addition to send according to his interests, aptitudes in addition to capacities.
Project method is a contribution of pragmatist philosophy inwards education. According to Kilpatrick “a projection is a whole hearted purposeful activity carried out inwards a social environment”. The kid learns past times doing says John Dewey. All learning must come upward every bit a production of action. Learning past times doing makes a mortal creative, confident in addition to co-operative. They likewise emphasize the uncovering in addition to question methods. The method similar employment solving, play-way, experimental in addition to laboratory techniques which follow the regulation of learning past times doing tin last used according to pragmatic view.
TEACHER
Pragmatism regards instructor every bit a helper, guide in addition to philosopher. The main role of pragmatic instructor is to advise problems to his pupils in addition to to receive them to regain past times themselves, the solutions, which volition work. The instructor must render opportunities for the natural evolution of innate qualities of children. His main chore is to advise problems to his pupils in addition to to guide them to regain out solutions.
DISCIPLINE
To utilize the involvement of the pupil is the dry reason of dependent here. The instructor in addition to pupils assail a employment jointly. Teacher’s role is that of a guide in addition to a director; it is the pupil who acts, learning this becomes a cooperative venture- a articulation enterprise. Pursuit of mutual purposes enforces it ain order. Education becomes a social procedure of sharing betwixt the members of the diverse groups in addition to all are equal partners inwards the process. That is no rewards likewise in that location are no placing for the martinet so whatsoever punishments. The dependent proceeds from the life of the schoolhouse every bit a whole.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRAGMATISM TO EDUCATION
· Pragmatism provides definite aims of education. The pupil is prepared to alive inwards monastic tell in addition to acquire skills in addition to attitudes. Which are required of him to alive every bit a useful fellow member of society?
· The teaching methods are based on learning past times doing. The projection method is the contribution of pragmatism to modern education.
· Pragmatism encourages a democratic way of learning through purposeful and cooperative projects in addition to activities.
· Utility inwards the educative procedure is the commencement criterion. The schoolhouse is expected to render learning in addition to experiences that are useful.
· Education is non jump to tradition. Pragmatic philosophers advise us to evidence everything through our ain experience.
· The instructor has to play a rattling challenging role inwards the educative procedure nether pragmatism in addition to he has to last rattling alarm in addition to watchful.
DEMERITS OF PRAGMATISM
1. OPPOSITION TO ETERNAL TRUTHS
Pragmatism is opposed to pre-determined truth. According to it, truth changes according to a alter inwards circumstances, times in addition to places in addition to is created past times the consequences of our actions in addition to experiences. Pragmatists concur that if the results of an activity are satisfying, in addition to then it is truthful otherwise not.
2. OPPOSITION OF PRE-DETERMINED IDEAS AND VALUES-
This emphasizes that ideals in addition to values are man-made in addition to alter according to changes inwards circumstances, times in addition to places. But all noble things receive got entered into this human dry reason past times the efforts of those bully persons who were inspired past times the bully ideals namely- truth, beauty in addition to goodness.
3. NO PRE-DETERMINED AIMS OF EDUCATION
There are no laid in addition to pre determined aims of instruction every bit well. In the absence of definite aims of education, all educational plans in addition to efforts may buy the farm astray in addition to attain nothing.
4. NEGATIONS OF SPIRITUAL VALUES-
Pragmatists deny the existence of spiritual values. Negligence of spiritual value is a bully blunder. Without developing spiritual values achieving human welfare, peace in addition to satisfaction is exactly to yell for the moon.
5. OPPOSITION OF INTELLECTUALITY-
Pragmatists believe that a man’s tidings is subservient to his innate tendencies. This makes him solely an animal.
6. NEGATION OF POST
Agmatists, emphasizing solely the acquaint in addition to future, in addition to neglects the past. Without the cognition of past times 1 cannot empathize the acquaint in addition to without knowing the acquaint thoroughly goose egg tin last predicted for the future.
7. DIFFICULTY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CURRICULUM
Pragmatism emphasize that all cognition is to last gained from experiences of life. Selecting a projection in addition to structure of curriculum to gain all cognition from life experiences is rattling difficult.
8. PRAGMATISM IS Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 METHOD ONLY
Unlike other philosophical doctrines, pragmatism does non lay downward whatsoever aims, ideals in addition to values of life to last pursued past times human beings. Hence, pragmatism cannot last termed every bit a philosophy of life.
MERITS OF PRAGMATISM
1. CONSTRUCTION OF PROJECT METHOD
In the plain of methods of teaching, pragmatism has given nascency to projection method. This method, a kid indulging inwards diverse creative activities, is able to solve many problems which cater to his natural progress in addition to development.
2. IMPORTANCE OF CHILD-
Opposing bookish cognition in addition to formal education, pragmatism lays bully stress upon the evolution of child’s individuality past times his ain efforts.
3. EMPHASIS ON ACTIVITY
Pragmatism emphasizes upon activity. The regulation of learning past times doing is the main contribution of pragmatism
4. FAITH IN APPLIED LIFE-
Pragmatism emphasizes the practical life of child. Pragmatic instruction prepares the kid for hereafter life inwards a rattling effective manner.
5. SOCIAL AND DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION-
Pragmatism develops inwards the kid dear for democratic values in addition to social efficiency which convey harmonious adjustment in addition to evolution of personality.
6. INFUSION OF NEW LIFE IN EDUCATION-
Pragmatism has revolutionized the procedure of instruction to a rattling bully extent. This has infused a novel life in addition to zest inwards education.
CONCLUSION
The foregoing word shows that pupil’s immediate experiences, felt needs in addition to purposes play a prominent constituent inwards the decision of educational programmes in addition to policies. This confirms the religious belief inwards the worth in addition to improvability of individuals. Pragmatism puts emphasis on gratuitous menstruum of ideas, spirit of question of investigation in addition to discussion. Pragmatism upholds the supreme value of human in addition to prescribes liberty of thinking, experimenting in addition to experiencing for him. Not solely this, it lays emphasis upon flexibility, utility in addition to adjustment inwards all fields of human activity promoting the continuous evolution of private in addition to monastic tell to the fullest extent.
Pragmatic philosophy is a practical philosophy, having no fixed or absolute standards. Man ever creates novel values in addition to instruction should assist him inwards doing so. Being practical in addition to utilitarian schoolhouse of philosophy, pragmatism has influenced instruction to the maximum extent. It has tried overcoming the limitations of other schools similar idealism in addition to naturalism in addition to has influenced dry reason inwards a bully dealREAD ALSO :
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