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Kategori : EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL PHLOSOPHY IDEALISM
INTRODUCTION
Education as well as philosophy are closely inter-related. Philosophy is dearest of cognition as well as educational activity is acquisition of knowledge. Philosophy is the corner rock of the foundation of education. Education is practical action of philosophical thought. Without philosophy, educational activity would live on a blind endeavor as well as without education, philosophy would live on crippled. Philosophy answers thousands of questions pertaining to the whole acre of education.
Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic acre of applied philosophy or to 1 of whatsoever educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals as well as pregnant of education.“The fine art of educational activity volition never attain consummate clearness without philosophy’’ Fichte. “Education is the Dynamic side of philosophy’’ James Rose.
Idealism is the oldest philosophical thought. Human life has 2 dimensions- Spiritual as well as Material. When the emphasis is on the spiritual life, it is called Idealism. The word idealism is derived from 2 distinct sources- the thought as well as the ideal. Idea agency truthful as well as testified knowledge. The word ideal stands for the perfected shape of an thought or ideas. An idealist does non take away hold considerations for cloth values of life. H5N1 thinker who idolizes ‘Mind as well as Self’ is an idealist. Protagonists of idealism are- Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Burkley, Kant, Fitche, Schelling, Hegel, Green, Gentile (the Western); From Vedas as well as Upanishads to Aurobindo Gosh (the Eastern philosophers).
DEFINITION OF IDEALISM
To brand the pregnant of Idealism to a greater extent than clear plow over below precisely about of import definitions every bit given yesteryear eminent scholars-
i. “Idealism holds that ultimate reality is spiritualism.’’ D. M. Dutta
ii. “Idealistic philosophy takes many as well as varied forms, but the ask underlying all this is that hear or spirit is the essential earth stuff, that the truthful reality of is of a mental character’’ J. S. Ross
iii. FUNDAMETAL PRINCIPLES OF IDEALISM
The fundamental principles of idealism are every bit under-TWO FORMS OF THE WHOLE WORLD
Idealism believes inwards 2 forms of the world-(1).Spiritual earth (2).Material world.
Idealists plow over to a greater extent than importance to spiritual earth inwards comparing to the cloth world. They believe that spiritual earth is existent as well as the ultimate truth where every bit the cloth earth is transitory as well as mortal. To know the reality of the spiritual earth is to know the reality of hear as well as soul. It is a form of self- realization – the principal aim of human life. According to Horne- “Idealism holds that the monastic enjoin of the earth is due to the manifestation inwards infinite as well as fourth dimension of an eternal as well as spiritual reality.”
According to Idealists, cognition of hear as well as soul tin sack live on obtained through ideas only. Hence, they take away hold given to a greater extent than importance to ideas over the objects as well as cloth or later. In the ideas are realities as well as ultimate entities of the cloth world. In the words of Plato-“Ideas are of the ultimate cosmic significance. They are rather the essences or archetypes which plow over shape to cosmos. These ideas are eternal as well as unchanging.”
IMPORTANCE OF MAN OVER NATURE
To Idealists, human being is to a greater extent than of import than cloth nature. It is because human being tin sack think as well as experience almost cloth objects as well as cloth phenomena. Hence, the thinker or the 1 who experiences is to a greater extent than of import than the object or the phenomena experienced. Man is endowed alongside news as well as a sense of discrimination. Thus, he is non a slave of the surroundings every bit animals are, but the moulds as well as transforms the surroundings for his on expert as well as welfare of the society. In short, he creates his ain earth of virtue as well as his inventiveness achieves higher as well as higher levels of fine art inwards many areas. The next words beak this truth-“The spiritual as well as cultural surroundings of man’s own making, it is a production of man’s creative activity.” – R. R. Rusk
FAITH IN SPIRITUAL VALUES
According to Idealists, the prime number aim of life is to attain spiritual values. They are- Truth, Beauty as well as Goodness. These spiritual values are undying as well as permanent. The realization of these values is the realization of God. In the pursuit of these absolute values human being rises higher as well as higher inwards the moral bird till he attains Divinity. For the achievement of these spiritual values of all the capacities of human being are to live on harnessed to the full. These capacities are – knowing, feeling as well as willing. By the fullest utilization of these capacities human being tin sack attain the highest spiritual values as well as thus realize his truthful as well as ultimate self. J.S. Ross also opines-“Goodness, truth as well as beauty are seen to live on absolutes each existing inwards its ain right as well as alone desirable inwards it.”
IMPORTANTS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Idealists plow over much importance to the Self of the individual. Hence, they insist upon the fullest evolution of the personality of an individual. According to them the evolution of personality agency achievement of Perfection. Plato rightly beak that each private has an ideal Self. He tries to develop that ideal Self to a greater extent than as well as more. This is self- realization inwards the truthful sense of the term. It may live on noted that self -realization agency cognition of the self or soul. The self -realization tin sack only live on achieved inwards society. In short, Idealism believes inwards the welfare of whole human community.
FULL SUPPORT TO THE PRINCIPLE OF UNITY IN DIVERSITY
Idealists plow over total back upwardly to the regulation of Unity inwards Diversity. This underlying divine forcefulness maintains the existence as well as working of all entities. Idealists telephone telephone this ability every bit God, the Supreme Force which is omnipotent as well as omnipresent. Realization of this Supreme forcefulness inwards one’s Self is to attain divinity as well as fullest evolution of personality which may live on called spiritual fulfillment.
IDEALISM AND AIMS OF EDUCATION
The next are the aims of educational activity according to the philosophy of Idealism.
3.1 SELF REALIZATION OR EXHALTATION OF PERSONALITY
According to Idealism, human being is the most beautiful creation of God. Hence, the advocates of Idealism lay non bad stress on the exhalation of human personality. By exhalation of human personality, they hateful self-realization. Self-realization involves total cognition of the self. Hence, the commencement aim of educational activity according to Idealism is to develop the ‘Self’ of the private higher as well as higher till self-realization is achieved.
3.2 TO ENSURE SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Idealists plow over greater importance to spiritual values inwards comparing alongside cloth attainments. Thus, according to them, the minute aim of educational activity is to develop the kid mentally, morally as well as to a higher house all spiritually. Thus, the instructor should so organize educational activity every bit to develop the kid spiritually.
3.3 TO CULTIVATE TRUTH, BEAUTY AND GOODNESS
Idealists assert that to develop spiritual values inwards the individuals, pursuit of highest ideals namely- Truth, Beauty as well as Goodness should live on encouraged to a greater extent than as well as more. The to a greater extent than an private realizes these ideals, the to a greater extent than spiritually developed he volition become. Hence, educational activity should strive its utmost inwards developing the kid morally as well as spiritually so that he achieves self-realization.
CONSERVATION, PROMOTION AND TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
The cultural heritage is of immense worth as well as value. It belongs to whole humanity as well as it is the utilization of educational activity to preserve, deserve, develop as well as transmit it. It is for educational activity to acquaint the kid alongside cultural heritage so that he conserves, promotes as well as transmits it to the rising generation. This is done through the procedure of self-estrangement.
CONVERTION OF INBORN NATURE INTO SPIRITUAL NATURE
Idealists grip the view that the inborn instincts as well as inherent tendencies of the kid should live on sublimated into spiritual qualities as well as values. This is existent evolution of the individuality. Only then, it volition live on possible for the private to attain fullest as well as highest evolution of personality.
PREPARATION FOR HOLY LIFE
In the words of Frobel “the object of educational activity is the realization of a faithful, pure, inviolable as well as hence holy life”. This may live on possible yesteryear developing courtesy i.e. politeness expert breeding, urbanity, docrum, modesty, honor for world opinion, freedom etc; Justice i.e. honesty, speaking truth, integrity, uprightness etc; honor for low.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE AND RATIONALITY
Adams has defined educational activity from the indicate of view of an Idealist. According to him at that spot is a utilization inwards all objects as well as natural phenomena. He has farther said that the earth is planned as well as well-organized. There are set principles working inwards this creation. An Idealist e'er tries to notice as well as empathise this regulation so that on the soil of moral elements the earth remains organized.
EDUCATION TO THE LEVEL OF CAPACITY
The private aim of educational activity has been clearly expressed yesteryear Sir Pery Nunn; “Nothing expert enters into the human earth except inwards as well as through the gratis activities of private men as well as women, as well as the educational practise must live on shaped to accord alongside the truth’’.
‘Education’, hence must serve for everyone “the weather condition nether which individuality is most completely developed’’.
IDEALISM AND CURRICULUM
While structuring curriculum, Idealists plow over to a greater extent than importance to thoughts, feelings, ideals as well as values than to the kid as well as his activities. They firmly grip that curriculum should live on concerned alongside the whole humanity as well as its experiences. These experiences tin sack live on imbibed yesteryear 2 ways namely- (1) from the physical surroundings as well as (2) from contacts alongside other fellowmen. In this way, inwards an Idealistic curriculum, both the scientific subjects every bit good every bit the humanities are included. In the next give-and-take nosotros are throwing calorie-free on the ideas of Plato, Herbart, Nunn as well as Ross almost curriculum.
A. PLATO
Plato was staunch idealist. According to him, the aim of life is to realize God which is possible only yesteryear pursuing high ideals namely Truth, Beauty as well as Goodness. These high ideals tin sack live on attained yesteryear 3 types of activities namely intellectual, aesthetic as well as moral.
B. HERBART
According to Herbart the Idealistic aim of educational activity is the advertisement of moral values. Hence, he gave prime number importance to subjects similar Literature, History, Art, Music, Poetry, together alongside other Humanities as well as secondary house to scientific subjects.
C. NUNN
Views of Nunn almost curriculum are also based on the philosophy of Idealism. According to him, it is the constituent of schools to promote as well as hold morality as well as the historical tradition to save as well as develop its achievements to a greater extent than as well as more. This is possible only when the schoolhouse includes those activities as well as subjects inwards its curriculum which reverberate the achievements of human civilization as well as civilization. Hence, Nunn emphatically advocates the inclusion inwards the curriculum, those attainments which reverberate the highest creations of human hear as well as those activities which involve the noblest expressions of human ingenuity as well as creative intelligence. Nunn has divided these activities into 2 categories: (1) Physical, Social, Moral as well as Religious as well as (2) Literary as well as Aesthetic.
D. ROSS
He holds the view that 1 tin sack develop spiritually when he is developed physically as well as these are both of import for physical science as well as wellness education. He wanted to learn physical exercise, intellectual exercise alongside the aid of literature, language, history, geography, scientific discipline as well as mathematics along alongside ethics for moral development. For spiritual evolution he wanted aesthetics to live on taught alongside fine arts as well as religious belief alongside religious belief as well as metaphysics.
IDEALISM AND TEACHER
In the realm of Idealism, the role of instructor is real of import as well as glorious. Idealistic philosophy believes that this planned creation has 2 parts-(1) The instructor as well as (2) The kid every bit student. Both aims at 1 target only- The evolution of the private kid inwards a spiritual way. The realization of this non bad aim is possible only through educational activity as well as the essential agent, the teacher. In reality an Idealist instructor is imbued fully alongside high grade of self-knowledge, self-dynamism as well as essential qualities of spiritualism. By his ain model of life, he tries to shape the individuality of the kid to a life of purity, virtue as well as non bad achievements. He creates a wholesome conducive atmosphere yesteryear his ain activities as well as planned experiences for the child. He guides the kid alongside such genuine love, affection as well as sympathy that he attains his total mental as well as spiritual development. J. S. Ross aptly remarks- “The Naturalist may live on content alongside the brains, but the Idealist wants fine roses. So the educator yesteryear his efforts assists the educand, who is developing according to the laws of his nature to attain levels that would otherwise live on denied to him.’’
IDELISM AND TEACHING METHODS
The aims of Idealism are concrete as well as definite. But at that spot is no specific method for achieving them. Socrates used Question-Answer method Plato emphasize Discourse Method as well as Aristotle advocated Inductive-Deductive method. In the industrial plant of Hegel, Logical Measuring is evident.
Descrates employed the device of Simple to Complex. Pestalozzi set stress on educational activity of the physical organs as well as allied activities. Herbart advocated Instruction Method. Frobel insisted upon Play – way Method. Not only this, other Idealists advocated many to a greater extent than methods namely – Discussion, Lecture, Talk inwards groups. In this way, according to Idealists no specific method is to live on adhered to. In their view whatsoever as well as every method may live on employed to realize the ideals set as well as determined before. Butler has rightly remarked – “Idealists consider themselves every bit creators as well as determiners of methods, non devotees of someone method”.
IDEALISM AND DISCIPLINE
Discipline is to live on inculcated through morals for which the next needs to live on remembered.
· Moral educational activity is preparation inwards habits as well as non an inculcation of mere theoretical views.
· A mechanical virtue, inwards which a youth exercise a minimum moral alternative as well as obeys an external dominion prescribed for him, is to live on inculcated. In this lowest species of moral acre of written report the youth learns self denial as well as self control. There are to live on inculcated every bit an simple base of operations of moral code of discipline.
Lack of acre of written report inwards a schoolhouse compass the moral grapheme of the pupil. It allows him to locomote only every bit he pleases, as well as he never tin sack reinforce his feeble volition yesteryear regularity, punctuality as well as sympathetic industry. He grows upwardly inwards such a way that neither he does unreasonable as well as nor allows others to do so.
Too strict acre of written report undermines moral grapheme yesteryear emphasizing also much the mechanical duties as well as particularly the stage of obedience to authority, as well as it leaves the pupil inwards the solid soil of perennial minority. He does non assimilate the constabulary of duty as well as makes it his own. The constabulary does non touching his catch but is on his lips only. He fears it but non dearest it. The tyrant instructor produces hypocrisy as well as deceit inwards his pupils. Even when at that spot is simple implicit obedience inwards the house of fraud, at that spot is no independent grapheme evolution to accept right decision.
The best aid that 1 tin sack plow over to his follows is that which enables him to aid them. The best schoolhouse is that which enables the teachers to aid themselves. The best instruction is morality makes the pupil a constabulary upwardly to himself.
IDEALISM AND SCHOOL
School is a house where the capacities of logical thinking, reasoning as well as evaluating of the kid are progressively sublimated as well as developed yesteryear teachers as well as the schoolhouse surroundings into desirable channels so that high spiritual ideals as well as values are gained. Such noble mission, according to Idealism may live on achieved through proper guidance of instructor given inwards school. Hence, Idealists considered schoolhouse as well as its impressionistic surroundings every bit greatly essential
EVALUATION OF IDEALISM
Proper evaluation of Idealism is possible only when 1 reviews its merits as well as demerits inwards greater detail.
DEMERITS OF IDEALISM
The mutual criticism regarding Idealism is that it is an abstract as well as vague doctrine. It avoids the introduce realities as well as prepares the kid for the side yesteryear side world. It is concerned alongside the ultimate cease of life. It avoids the existent occupation twenty-four hr catamenia to twenty-four hr catamenia living. Education should live on such every bit to brand individuals capable to solve the problems to human face upwardly them from fourth dimension to fourth dimension as well as are able to atomic number 82 happy as well as contented life. Idealism lays to a greater extent than emphasis on thinking as well as mental activities. This increases the importance of intellectualism unnecessarily. It emphasizes upon the achievement of immortal VALUES NAMELY, Truth, Beauty as well as goodness. These values are non absolute. Idealistic educational activity gives to a greater extent than importance to instructor inwards relation to the child. Modern psychology emphasizes the prime number as well as primal importance of child. Idealistic methods of teaching emphasize cramming as well as rote memory. In modern education, these methods are given lilliputian importance. In idealistic educational activity humanities are given greater importance for the spiritual evolution of the child, piece the introduce historic catamenia of scientific discipline lays non bad stress upon scientific subjects inwards the curriculum.
MERITS OF IDEALISM
In the realm of aims of education, Idealism has made signal contribution. It is only this philosophy wherein a detailed exposition of aims has been emphasized. Idealistic educational activity emphasizes the inculcation of highest values namely, Truth, Beauty as well as Goodness. This volition atomic number 82 to the evolution of a moral grapheme of the child. It aims at self – realization of all individuals yesteryear one’s ain efforts. Hence, it promotes universal education. In the procedure of idealistic education, the instructor assigned a real of import role. The instructor influences the kid yesteryear his high ideals of life as well as yesteryear his sympathetic encouraging behavior. This achieves the fullest evolution of child’s personality. Idealism respects the individuality of the kid as well as tries to receive his creative energies. Thus, Idealism has influenced other philosophies every bit well. Idealism emphasizes the regulation of self-discipline. This regulation leads to the evolution of the ‘Self’ of an individual. Because of the Idealistic philosophy as well as education, the schoolhouse has grown into an of import social organization.
The to a higher house give-and-take clearly shows that Idealism has merits every bit good every bit demerit. In the introduce earth of today which is total of stresses, strains, conflicts, envies as well as cloth struggles, the demand of idealistic educational activity is greatly essential for peaceful living of human beings devoted to social expert as well as national welfare.
CONCLUSION
Idealism is basically a philosophy of life as well as it has exercised, similar all philosophies of life, a full general rather than a specific influence on education. In philosophy it has taken many forms but all of them grip to the view that the universe is an appear of news as well as will; that at that spot are certainly absolute as well as eternal truths of life; that the ultimate reality is inwards the nature of hear rather than inwards the nature of mater. The latter is perishable as well as changing; it is an external manifestation of a reality which is non affected yesteryear the phenomenon of change. Through the whole of the universe is running a spirit which along is a reality, as well as cognition of as well as reconciliation alongside that spirit of the individual’s soul is existent knowledge. That is the existent truth. Appreciation of that truth inwards its diverse forms is existent art- a thing of existent beauty. Conformity of the human volition alongside the moral direction of the universe is existent goodness. The departure betwixt idealism as well as materialism is fundamental-whereas idealism regards hear every bit the sole explainer of reality, materialism regards that every bit a phenomenon of matter.
Idealism lays emphasis on the written report of all subjects but stresses the importance of literature, ethics as well as religious belief which are recognized to that grade yesteryear other philosophies. The instructor has a real of import role inwards educational activity for it is he who leads the private from darkness into calorie-free as well as who helps him to exalt his personality. As a philosophy idealism alongside its one-time shape has been sometimes dubbed every bit stiff as well as conservative but the modern idealistic outlook is broader as well as the earth is fast realizing how a rejection of the eternal values of life is creating a vacuum into which take away hold crept inwards so many evils as well as which may live on ultimately fatal to the whole civilization. In Bharat idealism inwards the shape of spiritualism was developed real early on every bit the sole philosophy of life as well as throughout the ages the same philosophy has kept inspiring the Indian hear as well as evoking a reverence for it.
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