Di Posting Oleh : INFO PENDIDIKAN
Kategori : CONTINUING EDUCATION EDUCATION FORMAL EDUCATION INFORMAL EDUCATION NON FORMAL EDUCATION
INTRODUCTION
The discussion teaching is derived from the Latin discussion Educatum which agency the deed of teaching or training. There is approximately other discussion inwards Latin that is Educare which agency to convey upward or to raise. The discussion Educare agency to Pb forth or to come upward out. All these meanings signal that teaching seeks to nourish the proficient qualities inwards human being together with depict out the best inwards man.Education helps to develop the inner capacities of man.
By educating an private nosotros endeavor to give him approximately desirable knowledge, understanding, skills, interests, mental attitude together with critical thinking. That is he acquires noesis of history, geography, arithmetic, languages together with other sciences. By teaching people develops approximately understandings virtually the deeper things inwards life, complex human relations together with stimulate together with outcome of relationships etc. The mortal gets approximately skillsinwriting, speaking, calculating, drawing, operating approximately equipments etc.
Education is necessary for the survival of the society. It is a purposeful activity. The aims of teaching volition vary from fourth dimension to fourth dimension together with from people to people. Educational aims tin last immediate together with ultimate. Immediate aims are those which fulfill the immediate needs. The ultimate aim of teaching is the perfect happiness.
Education has been classified into 3 types,
1. Formal education
2. Informal education
FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal teaching refers to the hierarchically structured together with chronologically graded scheme of education. It is consciously together with deliberately planned scheme of teaching to convey virtually specific behavioral changes inwards the educand. It is preplanned past times the gild amongst definite aims together with is imparted inwards schools, colleges together with universities, which are established for systematic education.
FEATURES OF FORMAL EDUCATION
v Planned teaching keeping inwards keeping inwards stance approximately definite plan.
v Education imparted through good planned means.
v Education starting together with ending at item age.
v A teaching learning procedure amongst which the instructor together with learner are acquainted.
v Education organised past times approximately agency.
AGENCIES OF FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal agencies are those institutions together with organizations which are systematically organized. In these institutions the procedure of teaching is deliberately planned. There is a definite curriculum. The whole procedure is manipulated amongst a definite objective for the fulfillment of the needs of the society. The schools, colleges, universities etc are the of import agencies of formal education.
1. SCHOOLS
The term schoolhouse denotes a item place, where teaching is imparted inwards a definite way. The schoolhouse goes a long way inwards reforming the private together with society. So the schoolhouse is considered non precisely a creature of the society, but it is the creator of the society. In modern historic catamenia the role of schoolhouse is rattling important. The principal functions of schools are;
a) School is the savior of civilization traditions.
b) School helps to compass the ideal of the nation.
c) School tin give a glimpse of practical democracy.
d) School provides an chance for the evolution of private powers together with abilities.
e) School takes the responsibleness of social reconstruction.
f) School tries to brand us ideal citizens.
2. COLLEGES
College is an educational establishment or a factor component subdivision of one. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 college may last a score awarding tertiary educational institutions, a component subdivision of collegiate university, or an establishment offering vocational education. In Republic of Republic of India the term college is commonly reserved for institutions that offering degrees at yr 12 together with those that offering the bachelors degree. The colleges offering programmes nether that university. Examinations are conducted past times the academy at the same fourth dimension for all colleges nether its affiliation.
3. UNIVERSITY
A academy is an establishment of higher teaching together with query which grants academic degrees inwards a multifariousness of subjects together with provides both undergraduate teaching together with transportation service graduate education. Universities are to a greater extent than ofttimes than non composed of several colleges.
FUNCTIONS OF FORMAL EDUCATION
1. Character formation of children
2. Development of values inwards children
3. Helps the children inwards evolution together with transmission of knowledge
4. Helps inwards science together with emotional development
5. Children acquire the capacity to adjust
6. Formal teaching helps inwards cultural development
7. It gives spiritual equally good equally moral development
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
A large proportion of India’s population is poor together with alive inwards miserable conditions. Education, inwards whatever shape needs meliorate their character of life together with assist them participate productively inwards the national development. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 large proportion of children dropout from the formal scheme .The non formal educational scheme has been introduced to convey the un-enrolled together with dropout children of historic catamenia grouping 9-14 into the flexure of primary education.
For Coombs non-formal teaching means, whatever organized systematic, educational activity exterior the framework of the formal scheme to render selective types of learning to item sub-groups inwards the population, adults equally good equally children”. In other words it is an alternative to the formal education.
Unlike the formal education, non-formal teaching has no predetermined fourth dimension tabular array or the measuring of academic progress. The non-formal teaching is basically non-competitive together with opened upward ended. It has express purposes together with goals..
FEATURES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
1. Flexibility inwards regard to admission requirements,duration,timing etc
2. Flexibility inwards diverse aspects of education.ie.,admission,place,curriculum,age,co-curricular activities,modes of teaching,evaluation etc
3. Diversification of curriculum together with instructional methods;in the type of class to last offered together with their supplimetation past times vocational education.
4. Decentralization inwards direction construction together with fiscal powers.
5. Covering life bridge of an individual.
6. Guided past times motivation of the private for self growth,self renewal.
MAJOR NON-FORMAL SCHEMES
1.OPEN SYSTEM
A.DISTANCE EDUCATION
Distance teaching tin last defined equally the scheme of teaching inwards which teaching is imparted to students from a distance. It contains 2 physical elements (a) physical separation of the instructor together with the pupil (b)changed role of the teacher. Distance teaching methods tin last successfully used for relating to groups who, for geographical, economical or social reasons are unable or unwilling to brand exercise of traditional or conventional provision of education. Distance teaching tin never last formal equally it is a nontraditional innovative method of education, employing a multimedia approach including human contact. In fact the distance trend allows the educational scheme to last opened upward together with the educational openness of the systems suits the advertisement of distance education.
BENEFITS OF DISTANCE MODE OF EDUCATION
v It increases access to higher education, specially for women, working population, the deprived groups together with those living inwards remote areas.
v It provides a minute take away chances to those who could non arrive when young.
v It offers class amongst ample options of subjects together with electives.
v It helps inwards phasing out the report equally per changes inwards official, household unit of measurement or personal situations inwards one’s life.
v It provides tenability of accumulating credits past times successfully completing i or to a greater extent than subjects of a course.
The procedure of recruiting individuals inwards Distance Education province of affairs is unlike from that of other educational institutions, equally the individuals joining have got an extremely blurred thought of their profile. Most Distance Education seeks character education, but is unable to come across their expectations when compared to straight teaching noesis acquisition should last a transparent process.
B. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE
It was inwards the tertiary 5 yr excogitation (GOI 1961-1966) that the planning committee took serious banknote of such a demand together with referred to the demand for correspondence education. The committee was stressed that if deterioration inwards character was to last avoided, an increment inwards the number of students should last accompanied past times a corresponding expansion of physical together with other leading facilities. It was inwards this context that proposals for flush colleges, correspondence courses together with abide by of external degrees were considered.
The Kothari committee recommended the institutions of correspondence class inwards stance of the greater flexibility, economical viability together with the innovative method of imparting teaching through good prepared, pre-tested together with constantly revised class materials. In ordrer to maintain the educational standards, It also felt that approximately preparation together with continuing guidance should last provided to laid self instructional report materials. There should last personal contact betwixt the instructor together with the pupil for virtually 3 weeks inwards a year.
Improvement of qualifications together with the wish to proceed amongst higher teaching were identified equally major motivating factors for joining the correspondence course. Non-availability of time, mental maturity, together with non-existence of colleges inwards the locality, heavy, age, employment, paucity of time, poor fiscal atmospheric condition together with poor functioning inwards the terminal qualifying exams were found to last approximately other additional reasons.
Some of the limitations which contributed to the ineffectiveness of correspondence teaching inwards Republic of Republic of India are:
a) Most of the correspondence institutions produce non have competent together with adequate staff. As a termination they have got depression motivation.
b) Lessons are prepared amongst a hurry amongst no regard to quality
c) Not much attending is paid to the assignments; they are not evaluated, corrected together with returned to the students inwards time.
D) Most of the correspondence courses produce non have got report centers together with personal contact programmes are organized past times entirely a few institutions.
e) Too much reliance is placed on the printed cloth together with latest communication technology scientific discipline is hardly used.
f) There is considerable delay inwards the dispatch of lessons to the students.
C. OPEN UNIVERSITY
In stance of the deficiencies of correspondence education, the opened upward teaching scheme was introduced inwards the country. In fact it may last said that the introduction of the Open University scheme is a straight outcome of the conventional scheme together with of the correspondence class institutions to deliver the goods. Another of import line organisation was the improvement of the character of higher education. The foremost Open University established on 26 August 1982 together with straight off it is known equally Dr.Ambedkar Open University.
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF OPEN UNIVERSITY
1. To opposite the tide of admission inwards formal institutions.
2. To offering teaching to people inwards their ain homes together with at their ain jobs.
3. To enable the students to earn piece they learn.
4. To render counseling together with guidance to people.
5. To select teaching to the remotest villages, through radio, idiot box together with correspondence courses.
FEATURES OF OPEN UNIVERSITY
v Relaxed entry requirements
v Flexibility inwards class combination
v Use of multimedia communication teconology for furthering learning objective
v Provision of back upward services to medicate the learning process
v Individualised study; flexibility of pace, identify of report etc.
Open universities have got made a kickoff inwards democratizing higher educational opportunities for large segment of population together with also for those who have got been denied teaching through conventional teaching system.
2. LITERACY PROGRAMMES
Literacy is the conventional feel of beingness able to read together with write. In essence, literacy is the facility of using inwards all its forms similar reading, writing together with oral communication, too approximately basics of arithmetic. The lowest bound of literacy is the mightiness to read together with write one’s ain mention together with a few other words.
MASS LITERACY PROGRAMME
Mass literacy programme is an intentionally initiated motion past times the regime of Republic of Republic of India to brand literate, the masses of Indian population. It was an endeavor to brand lxxx meg people literate betwixt the historic catamenia grouping of 15-35 past times the yr 1995.The principal target areas together with groups were rural people, women, SCs, STs together with who left out of the formal systems.
NATIONAL LITERACY MISSION
National Literacy Mission was laid upward past times the regime of Republic of Republic of India on 5 May 1988 amongst an aim to eradicate illiteracy inwards the dry ground past times imparting functional literacy to non-literates. Thus, National Literacy Mission was established non entirely to brand everybody precisely reliant inwards the 3R’s-reading,writing,arithmetic-but also to brand them aware of the evolution issues affecting the society. The target grouping of National Literacy Mission is people betwixt the historic catamenia of fifteen together with 35.
The National Literacy Mission initiated its foremost successful literacy drive inwards Kottayam metropolis followed past times Ernakulam district.
TOTAL LITERACY CAMPAIGN
Total Literacy Campaign is straight off accepted equally the dominant strategy for eradication of adult illiteracy inwards India. These campaigns are area-specific, fourth dimension bound, volunteer-based, cost-effective together with outcome-oriented. The thrust is on the attainment of functional literacy through the prescribed norms of literacy together with numeracy. The learner is the focal dot inwards the entire process. Through Total Literacy Campaign is meant to impart functional literacy .It also disseminates a handbasket of other socially relevant messages such equally enrolment together with retentivity of children inwards schools, immunisation, propagation of pocket-sized household unit of measurement norms, women’s equality together with empowerment.
ADULT EDUCATION
For rattling large number of adults inwards the basis today,adult teaching is a substitute for the basic teaching they missed.For the many individuals they received entirely a rattling incomplete education,it is the complement to uncomplicated or professional person education.It offers farther teaching to those who have got already received high plane preparation together with it is a agency for the private development for everybody.
NEEDS AND IMPORTANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION
v To widen the intellectual horizon of the illiterate adult,who are partially illiterate.
v It gives novel hopes to illiterate.
v It tin assist the adult inwards co-operative living.
v Continuing education
v The adult teaching programme tin assist for the progress of compulsory primary education.
SOME PROBLEMS OF ADULT EDUCATION
v Defective policy of adult education
v Want of proper planning
v Problem of curriculum
v Problem of method of teaching
v Problem of administration
3. EXTENSION EDUCATION
Extension teaching is an out-of-school procedure which aims at helping people to assist themselves inwards solving their problems. The gramasevak teaches people how to solve their problems. Gramasevak is a instructor of people. Extension teaching helps people to assist them inwards solving their nowadays together with futurity economic, social together with cultural problems. It helps both adult together with youth. The ultimate aim of the assist through extension teaching is a greater satisfaction inwards life.
1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Agricultural extension is a full general term important the application of scientific query together with novel noesis to agricultural practices through farmer education.
2. INDUSTRY EXTENSION
It is extending the noesis on managing together with running industries.
3. VETERINARY AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY EXTENSION
It is extending noesis virtually breeding, managing, feeding together with tending of animals together with birds.
4. HOME SCIENCE EXTENSION
Special programmes unremarkably given to girls related to domicile management, domicile organisation including interior decoration.
5. SOCIAL EDUCATION
Social teaching is the teaching of gild or community
FUNCTIONS OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
1. Eradicate illiteracy together with poverty
2. Development of technical skills
3. Chear the educational needs of the drop-outs
4. Development of social responsibility
5. Empowerment of women
6. Social uplift
7. Economic development
8. Universal education
9. Upliftment of marginalized together with special tending to weaker groups
10. Development of vocational competencies
CONCLUSION
Formal teaching is a systematic, pre-planned together with chronologically graded scheme together with is offered through schools, colleges, universities; independent query organizations or whatever other definite institutions. Non-formal teaching mainly aims the out-of-school children, unemployed youth together with illiterates. There are many schemes for non-formal education. Non-formal educational scheme is helpful for those who cannot brand exercise of the conservative scheme of formal education. Non-formal teaching has a major role inwards moulding the society.
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